Oral Manifestations of Hepatitis: Xerostomia and Atrophic Glossitis

Oral medicine mnemonics to remember two of the oral manifestations of hepatitis: xerostomia and atrophic glossitis

Oral manifestations of hepatitis

C) Xerostomia

D) Atrophic glossitis: a condition characterised by absence of
filiform or fungiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue.
“smooth tongue”

Course Syllabus

ASA Classification Mnemonics
- ASA 1
- ASA 2
- ASA 3 Mnemonics
- ASA 4
- ASA 5 and 6
Analgesics Mnemonics
- Ibuprofen And Acetaminophen Have a Synergistic Effect
- Analgesics for Severe Pain
- Cases in Which Acetaminophen Should be Used instead of NSAIDs
- Celecoxib is a cox-2 inhibitor
- Opioids Side Effects (Quick Summary)
- Opioids Side Effects (In Details)
Antihistamines Mnemonics
- Diphenhydramine is an H-1 Antihistamine
Antihistamines Mnemonics
Local Anesthesia Mnemonics
- Maximum Dose of Epinephrine: Healthy vs Cardiac Risk Patients
Antibiotic Prophylaxis Mnemonics
- Cases in which Antibiotics Prophylaxis is Not Needed
- New Lesson
Cardiovascular Diseases Mnemonics
- Cyanotic Heart Defects
- Maximum Dose of Epinephrine: Healthy vs Cardiac Risk Patients
- Maximum Dose of Epinephrine: Healthy vs Cardiac Risk Patients
CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) Mnemonics
- Rescue Breathing Rate in Children vs. Adults
- CPR Chest Compressions Mnemonic: Rate & Method
- CPR: Artery for Checking the Pulse – Adult & Child vs Infant Mnemonic
- The brain can survive 6 minutes without oxygen.
Bisphosphonates Mnemonics
- Bisphosphonates Function.
- Identifying Bisphosphonates through their Name
- Bisphosphonates With Nitrogen Side Group Have Higher Potency
- Farnesyl Pyrophosphate & Bisphosphonates with Nitrogen Side Group
- Bisphosphonates Concentration in Trabecular vs. Compact Bone
- Bisphosphonates Have a Variable Half-Life: Alendronate vs. Ibandronate
Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (MRONJ)
- Drugs that Can Cause Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (MRONJ)
Diabetes Medication Mnemonics
- Dipeptidyl Pepidase-4 Inhibitors Name Identification and Examples
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors Key Facts (GIP and GLP are Natural Secretagogues)
- Thiazolidinediones Name Identification and Examples
- Thiazolidinediones Increase Insulin Sensitivity
- Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors’ Key Facts and Side Effects
- SGLT2 Inhibitors Name Identification and Examples
- SGLT2 Inhibitors Key Facts and Side Effects
- Sulfonylureas Name Identification and Examples
- Sulfonylureas Mechanism of Action
- Biguanide: Metformin is a Biguanide
- Drugs to Avoid in Well-Controlled Diabetics
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD Medications Mnemonics
- COPD Medication: Anticholinergics (Ipratropium And Tiotropium)
- COPD Medication B Adrenergic Agonists MoA and Examples
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors with Example (Theophylline)
- COPD Patients Taking Theophylline Should Not Be Given Erythromycin
- COPD Treatment Corticosteroids (Fluticasone vs Prednisone)
- COPD Treatments for Different Stages
- Precautions in Well-Controlled COPD Patients
- New Lesson
Asthma Mnemonics
- NSAIDs Can Trigger an Asthma Attack
- Treatment for Acute Asthma Attack
- Long-Term Asthma Control Medications
- Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (Treatment of Chronic Asthma) + Examples
- Things to Avoid in Asthma: NSAIDs, Narcotics, and Barbiturates
Tobacco Cessation
- Bupropion (Mechanism of Action & Side Effects)
Tuberculosis Mnemonics
- Head and Neck Manifestations of Tuberculosis: ulcers, scrofula, tuberculous osteomyelitis
- Tuberculosis Latent Infection: Isoniazid: Prevents Advancement of latent infection to active infection
- Treatment of Active Tuberculosis Infection: Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol
Cholesterol Mnemonics
- HDL vs LDL: Which is “good” and which is “bad”?
- HDL: Ideal value: Greater than 50 mg/dL
- LDL: Ideal value: Less than 130 mg/dL + Review for HDL and LDL
- Cholesterol medications: inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
Atherosclerosis Mnemonics
- Atherosclerosis: Plaque prevents Nitrous Oxide from reaching the smooth muscle cells which prevents vasodilation
- Atherosclerosis oral manifestations: pulp stones, periodontal disease, muscle pain and weakness (because of statins)
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Mnemonics
- Brodsky Test: Based on Tonsil Size
- Dental Management of High Cholesterol Patients: Avoid Macrolides and Antifungals because they Increase Plasma Concentration of Statins
Oral Cancer Mnemonics
- Oral Cancer Incidence: Most common in Tongue, followed by the lip, then the floor of the mouth
Head and Neck Cancer Mnemonics
- Oral Manifestations of Head and Neck Cancer Associated with Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy (2nd week of treatment)
- Oral Manifestations of Head and Neck Cancer associated with Chemotherapy (Bleeding)
- Oral Manifestations of Head and Neck Cancer associated with Radiotherapy
Multiple Myeloma Mnemonics
- Oral Manifestations of Multiple Myeloma: Amyloidosis, and Punched out Radiolucencies
- Bence Jones Protein Urine Test is often Used to Diagnose Multiple Myeloma
Platelet Pathway Mnemonics
- Platelet Adhesion: Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and GP1b
- Platelet Activation: Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and ADP
- Platelet Aggregation: GPIIb/IIIa
Bleeding Disorders Mnemonics
- Von Willebrand disease is the most common congenital bleeding disorder
- Vitamin K: required for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, X (2, 7, 9, 10)
- Vitamin K deficiency is the most common acquired factor deficiency
- Hemophilia: Factors deficient are all within the intrinsic pathway
- Hemophilia A is caused by a deficiency in factor VIII (8)
- Hemophilia B (Christmas disease) is caused by a deficiency in factor IX (9)
New Section
Coagulation Tests: Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) Mnemonics
- Introduction to Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)
- Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) : Normal value = 25 -35 seconds
- Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) : Tests intrinsic and common pathways
- Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) : Best test for coagulation disorders
- Review for Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) mnemonics
Coagulation Tests: Prothrombin Time (PT) Mnemonics
- Prothrombin Time (PT): Introduction
- Prothrombin Time (PT): Normal value= 11-15 seconds
- PT is most used to monitor patients on warfarin
Coagulation Tests: International Normalized Ration (INR) Mnemonics
- International Normalized Ratio (INR): smaller INR = clotter, higher INR= bleeder
- INR and PT are most used to monitor patients on warfarin
Antiplatelet Medications Mnemonics: Aspirin vs Ibuprofen
- Aspirin has an irreversible antiplatelet effect, while ibuprofen has a reversible effect
Antiplatelet Medications Mnemonics: Abciximab
- Abciximab: prevents binding of fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor to GPIIb/Illa, inhibits platelet aggregation
Antiplatelet Medications Mnemonics: Clopidogrel
- Clopidogrel: competitive inhibitor of ADP, inhibits platelet activation
Anticoagulants mnemonics: Apixaban
- Apixaban is factor Xa inhibitor
Anticoagulants Mnemonics: Warfarin
- Warfarin blocks Vitamin K reduction cycling which blocks factors II, VII, IX, X
Dental Management of Patients on Anticoagulants
- Mnemonics for the Dental Management Based on INR
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Mnemonics
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Introduction to Key Facts
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Introduction to Key Facts
- HIV is an envelope RNA retrovirus and contains reverse transcriptase
- HIV has Glycoprotein on envelope which facilitates binding to host cells
- HIV has a protein capsid within the envelope which surrounds the RNA, protease, and reverse transcriptase
- HIV infects cells with the CD4 receptor
- HIV summary and review
- HIV Transmission
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) mnemonics
- Dental management of AIDS patients (avoid NSAIDs)
Cytomegalovirus Mnemonics
- Cytomegalovirus is also known as HHV5 and induces oral ulcers
Types of opioids with examples mnemonics
- Natural opiates: morphine and codeine
- Semi-synthetic opioids: heroin, oxycodone, and hydrocodone
- Synthetic opioids: tramadol, methadone, and fentanyl
- Combination opioids: percocet and vicodin
- Types of opioids and example mnemonics review
Morphine Mnemonics
- Morphine binds to mu receptors to produce analgesia
Opioid antagonists mnemonics
- Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used to treat opioid overdose
Cocaine Mnemonics
- Cocaine
Sedatives and Hypnotics Mnemonics
- Introduction to sedatives and hypnotics
- Benzodiazepines: name identification + most abused
- Barbiturates: name identification
- Sedative and hypnotics withdrawal symptoms
Marijuana Mnemonics
- Marijuana: Key Facts
- Marijuana Main Mnemonic + extracted from cannabis
- Main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)
- Marijuana causes altered perception
- Effects of substance abuse of marijuana
- Review of marijuana mnemonics
- Marijuana’s patient considerations and oral manifestations
Alcohol Mnemonics
- Alcohol is a depressant with a temporary stimulant effect
- Alcohol’s withdrawal symptoms
- Alcohol’s oral manifestations and patient considerations
Amphetamines
- Amphetamines Key Facts
- Amphetamines are synthetics stimulant drugs
- Amphetamines cause dopamine release into the synapse
- Amphetamines have a longer half-life than cocaine
- Main effects of Amphetamines: Hyperactivity, Weight loss, Narcolepsy, Attention deficit, Depression
- Effects of substance abuse of amphetamines
- Review of Amphetamine’s Mnemonics
Methamphetamine Mnemonics
- “Meth Mouth”: Oral manifestations of methamphetamine consumption
Peptic Ulcer Mnemonics
- Peptic Ulcer Key Facts
- Helicobacter Pylori is most common cause of peptic ulcers
- Chronic use of NSAIDs is the 2nd most common cause of peptic ulcers
- Risk factors of peptic ulcers (anticoagulants and bisphosphonates)
- Review of peptic ulcers mnemonics
GIT Pharmacotherapy mnemonics
- GIT pharmacotherapy: key facts
- Antacids limit the absorption of tetracyclines and ciprofloxacin
- H2 receptor antagonists (Ranitidine)
- Proton pump Inhibitors (PPI): omeprazole
- Review of GIT drugs mnemonics
Parathyroid Hormone Mnemonics
- Parathyroid Hormone increases the levels of calcium in the blood
- Hyperparathyroidism (brown tumor + elevated ALP)
Addison Disease Mnemonic
- Addison disease is adrenal insufficiency
Aldosterone Mnemonics
- Aldosterone regulates sodium levels
Grave’s Disease Mnemonics (Hyperthyroidism)
- Grave’s Disease: autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism
Dental Management of Hyperthyroidism Patients Mnemonics
- Dental Management of Hyperthyroidism Patients (limit use of NSAIDs & avoid epinephrine)
Thyrotoxic Crisis Mnemonics
- Thyrotoxic crisis: list of key facts
- Thyrotoxic crisis can be triggered by epinephrine
- Treatment of Thyrotoxic crisis – part 1
- Treatment of Thyrotoxic crisis: Thiouracil
- Thyrotoxic crisis mnemonics review
Hypothyroidism Mnemonics
- Hypothyroidism causes: iodine deficiency and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
- Hypothyroidism causes: Cretinism (inc. wormian bones and goiter)
- Myxedema coma: severe hypothyroidism (+ tx: levothyroxine)
Pregnancy Mnemonics
- Common Effects of Pregnancy: Introduction
- Pregnancy: Increase in Coagulation Factors 8,9, and 10 (VIII, IX, X)
- Pregnancy: Increase in the number of WBCs and neutrophils
- Pregnancy: Decrease in the lung capacity + Review of All Effects
- Premature Baby = before 37 weeks of gestation; Viable pregnancy: more than 24 weeks of gestation
- Preeclampsia: Signs and Symptoms
Types of Antibodies Mnemonics
- Types of Antibodies: Listing key facts
- IgG: Most common type of antibodies, crosses the placenta
- IgM: the first antibody produced upon antigen invasion
- IgA: expressed in mucosal tissues and found in saliva
- IgE: involved in allergy
- Review of antibodies mnemonics
Oral Manifestations of Hepatitis Mnemonics
- Oral Manifestations of Hepatitis Mnemonics: Listing the key facts
- Oral Manifestations of Hepatitis: Xerostomia and Atrophic Glossitis
- Oral Manifestations of Hepatitis: Lichen Planus (Associated with Hepatitis B & C)
- Oral Manifestations of Hepatitis: Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Review of the Mnemonics for the Oral Manifestations of Hepatitis
- New Lesson
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