Leukoplakia

Diagnosis
– Diagnosis by exclusion with different levels of certainty.

Etiological Factors:
Six times more common in smokers than in non-smokers.
Risk Factors
These factors increase the risk of malignant transformation.

A) Risk Factors on the clinical level:

   1) Female

Risk Factors:
A) Risk Factors on the clinical level:
2)Location: (buccal mucosa in India, tongue and floor of the mouth in the Western countries)

Risk Factors:
A)Risk Factors on the clinical level:
  3) Size > 200 mm2

Risk Factors:
B) Risk Factors on the histopathological level:
   – Presence of dysplasia
  – Presence of Candida albicans

Risk Factors:
C) Predictive Factors at the genetic level:
   – Loss of heterozygosity at the chromosomal region:
  * 9p: early transformation

  *  17p, 3p: premalignant stage

* 4q, 11q, 13q, 14q, 6p,8p: SCC or Carcinoma in situ
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